Causes of the French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution Revolutions are not simply actions committed from impulses, rather, they are a set of protests to express disagreements with the current society. This was the case of the French Revolution. Around the 18th century, British colonists in North America accused England for unequal treatments. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, Americans overthrew the British power and created a republic. Driven by the successful American Revolution and the new ideas of liberty and equality, the French were inspired to do the same with the ruling royalty and to establish a new political order. This was mainly because France continued the system of the â€Å"Old Regime†, a type of feudal system where the king held absolute power. Under the Old Regime, there was an unequal distribution of wealth and rights of citizens. In addition, the enormously high prices of life necessities were also critical because many people had barely enough to eat and live. Consequently, the observed of Enlightenment ideas an d witness of American Revolution’s success, disparity in wealth and rights of the citizen, in addition of corruption in the ruling royalty’s power over government inspired the occurrence of the French Revolution. Among one of the factors that had played into the French Revolution was the philosophical view of human right and government structure. At the Age of Reason, many philosophers created new ideas about the government and questioned the basic rights of all humans. Such ideas influenced the French Revolution. There were three major enlightenment thinkers, and they were John Locke, Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke was an English philosopher who witnessed political turmoil in England during the 17th century. One of his most influential ideas on French Revolution was the equality of human and the three natural rights, which are life, liberty and property. In France, serfs and peasants didn’t have the same rights as aristocracy because they didn’t enjoy the same freedoms and property that the wealthy population enjoyed. Furthermore, they made up 80 percent of the population (Kreis). Thus, they were unsatisfied with their unequal rights. In addition, the â€Å"bourg eoisie†, or the middle class, could be as rich as the some nobles because the bourgeoisie were the people to get engaged in trades and a variety of businesses that helped them to gain a good amount of wealth and influence the French economy. However, the bourgeoisies were still considered as commoners because their statuses in society were not heritable as nobilities (Kreis). Consequently, the bourgeoisies wished the government to open more positions to base on the individual’s merits. But it was impossible to do this under the Old Regime due to the huge differences in social classes and privileges. Hence, the commoners, including both peasants and bourgeois, were inspired to revolt from the new philosophical ideas that were widely spread and accepted of the individual human rights. In addition, Montesquieu published The Spirit of the Laws in 1783 and claimed the best government was a kind of constitutional monarchy, which was a monarchy that shared its political powers with another governing power. Consequently, Montesquieu suggested that France should model this kind of government in order to achieve the same success as England did. With this form of government Montesquieu suggested the sharing of sovereignty with the aristocracy. Hence, his view didn’t represent the whole population of the country, including the bourgeoisie and peasants. (The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies). The king also rejected the sharing of power, so it was considered as an impractical solution. However, Montesquieu had made an essential influence on the French Revolution with this new idea of sovereignty, which was expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The clause three stated that no individual could exercise the power of controlling over others. Another Enlightenment philosopher, Rousseau, however proposed the idea of self-ruling and direct democracy. The idea stated all citizens have the equality to participate in politics (MacAdam). According to an authority of philosophical studies, Jim MacAdam, concluded Rousseau impacted French Revolution by the idea of human equality. This was because the proposal of self-ruling outlined the equality among all citizens to have the rights participating the affairs of the nation. The idea that the general population could participate in politics was also deeply appealing because compared to clergies and nobilities at the time, commoners had no social status, privileges, and rights to manage political affairs. Inspired by the idea of equality in politics from Montesquieu and Rousseau, the commoners were inspired to take actions to fight for their political freedom. Combining the ideas proposed by philosophers and American Revolution, the French was very inspired to create a revolution in the overall societal structure. During the 17th century, America was a colony to the Great Britain. Unfair treatment such as over-taxation and a monarchal government, spurred the American Revolution (Mackey), so that they could fight for freedom, liberty and reasonable taxation (Emerich, Dalberg, Acton). Observing the Americans, the French commoners also wished to have the equal freedom and liberty that they gained. Due to the similar reasons in France and America, it provided a suitable explanation to start a revolution. Moreover, Paris was the origin the enlighten ideas, so it was easy for revolutionary ideas to spread around France and the French people. Hence, the new idea for equality promoted action to commence a revolution in France. In addition, the poor economic condition provided a demonstrated factor to revolt. The poor economic condition in France included accumulated debts and issues of the deregulatory market of grain after a drought in 1788. As a participant of the Seven Years War and American War of Independence, huge debts were accumulated in order to fund armies. The assistance to the American Revolution had built up the debt in France to 13 billion livres (Schiff). Hence, the French government was bankrupted. However, England, also a participant of both wars, was able to manage the financial problems brought by the wars (Karan). The financial problems in France were not as manageable as England due to the lack of advisers and the inefficient tax collecting system (Smith). Since France was still controlled by an absolute monarchy, who believed in absolute control, most decisions, including economical decisions, were only made by the monarchy alone. Without others advisors to suggest practical solutions , the financial problems were hard to improve solely with decisions from the monarchy. In addition, the tax collecting system was also unsuitable, because the monarch gave power to local officials to collect taxes (Smith), which caused some corrupt officials seize the tax money for themselves, rather than turning the money back to the state. Thus this made the financial problems even more difficult to resolve, because there was no taxation money into the state, so the debt was unable to be paid off. Apart from economical issues, the agriculture in France suffered a deadly blow. A devastating drought in 1788 caused peasants to have difficulty maintaining their health mainly due to lack of food caused from the lack of growth of grain. The failure of grain growth resulted the increased pricing on bread, because bread was made from the grain. Bread was a daily staple in France, so peasants couldn’t live without bread (The French Revolution: The causes of the revolution). However, due to the drought in 1788, the prices of bread inflated. The portion of income spent on bread thus increased eighty-eight percent, compared to fifty percent before the drought (Walinger). In addition to the increase in bread prices, the peasants also had to pay taxes, which created unsatisfactory living conditions for many peasants. There was also an unequal societal structure in France at this time, because the Old Regime divided French social structure unequally. The monarch held all power of the state and there was no parliament in France. Around 1770 to 1780, Louis XVI was in charge of the throne. However, he wasn’t prepared to become king, because he was too shy and irresponsible (Louis XVI biography). Also because France was controlled under an absolute monarchy instead of a constitutional monarchy, most decisions were based on the monarch himself. However, the monarch wasn’t fully considerate of the whole nation due to lack of consideration from Louis XVI. For instance, Louis XVI’s construction of the palace of Versailles wasted over seven to ten percent of the national treasury (Smith), which had put more stress on the treasury from the debts created the American Revolution and the Seven Years Wars. To resolve the debt problems in France became a critical issue, so Louis XVI turned toward the â€Å"Third Estate† that generated most of the country’s income. The Old Regime was divided into three Estates. The First was composed of clergy, the Second of the nobility and the Third of the commoners, which comprised of 25 million people. Because this social structure was based on customs and traditions, it created inequalities in law (Keris). For instance, although the Third Estate formed 80 percent of the French population, including the bourgeoisie who owned 25 percent of the land, they only held one vote in the Estate General (a general meeting of the three Estates). (Unit 4: French Revolution Napoleon). Compared to the other two Estates, this was generally not fair. The First Estate owned ten to fifteen percent of land in France and constantly received tithe and did not pay taxes. The Second Estate owned thirty percent of the land and they usually get their wealth fr om rents from the peasants who lived on their land. However, the people of the poor Third Estate used their little income to live and pay taxes to the Church, monarchy and landowners (Keris). Compared to the First and Second Estates, the people of the Third Estate were extremely unsatisfied with unequal privileges, heavy taxes, and inequality on voting rights in the Estate General. The French Revolution was a remarkable event on French history, and it was created mainly from new ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, enormous economic problems, and inequality of rights, which were also observed from the success of the American Revolution. Moreover, the economic problem resulted over taxation and the raised of the daily staple created an unsatisfied living condition for the peasants. In addition, the failure of the ruling monarch, such as the fact that the monarch managed all decisions of the state without putting the population into consideration and unwillingness to adapt to new form of political structure. Works Cited Cranston, Maurice. â€Å"The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies.† History Today, HistoryToday Ltd., 5 May 1989. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. Choi, Insun. â€Å"Economic problem that caused French Revolution.† KIS World History. n.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. Emerich, John. Dalberg, Edward. Acton, Lord. â€Å"Lectures on the French Revolution: The Influence of America†. Google online book. Google, Mar. 30 2006. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. The French Revolution. Go Social Studies Go. n.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. Karan, Priya. â€Å"Economic Causes of The French Revolution: Debt.† Suite.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. Kerise, Steven. â€Å"Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolution.† Historyguide.org. The History Guide, 30 Oct. 2006. Web. 28 Sep. 2014. â€Å"Louis XVI biography.† Bastille-day. n.p., 1 July. 2012, Web. 28 Sep. 2014. MacAdam, Jim. â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Revolution.† Montreal Symposium. n.p., 28 May 1989. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. â€Å"Marie Antoinette biography.† Bastille-day. n.p., 1 July. 2012. Web. 28 Sep. 2014. Mackey, Richard. â€Å"American Revolution Influences of the French Revolution†. Google online book. Google, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. Prest, William. â€Å"The French Revolution, Locke and Rousseau. † HubPages. n.p., 31 Jan 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. Smith, Nicole. â€Å"France’s Pre-revolutionary Financial Crisis: The Lead-up to the French Revolution.† Article Pyramid. n.p., 7 Dec. 2011. Web 10 Mar. 2015. Waldinger, Maria. â€Å"Drought and the French Revolution: The Effects of Adverse Weather Conditions on Peasant Revolts in 1789.† Academia.edu, n.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.

At Mornington and Father and Child Essay

Gwen Harwood’s poetry explores ideas of the rejuvenating powers of memory, the inexorable nature of time and the adversity of advancing through various stages of human psychological development and the extent of life and death. â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"Father and Child† are poems which both demonstrate Harwood’s distinctive voice that transcends the barriers of time and examine universal issues that are pertinent to all. Moreover, the ability for these two poems to provide different interpretations makes them relevant to differing contexts with differing values. This is seen with two variant readings, a psychoanalytical reading and a post-modern reading. ‘At Mornington’ is a reminiscence of the persona’s life, evaluating the extent of life and death through memories, as shown by the first person point of view and past tense. It contains â€Å"memories of early childhood† that are described as â€Å"light in a sea-wet shell†, fragile and fleeting. The persona also continues to explore a collection of other memories and meandering thoughts, which the persona draws strength from in order to cope, understand and make sense of the present and the inevitability of her future death. The idea of memories in turn leads the poems into a psychoanalytical reading, in conjunction with a post-modern interpretation. The poem starts with the persona stating: ‘They told me that when I was taken to the sea’s edge’, implying that her memories are dependant on what ‘they’, her authoritative figures have told her, implying how they are dictated by that of authority. However memories can sometimes be unreliable as there are points of doubt where the persona ‘seem to remember my father fully clothed’. A post-modern view also shows authority losing power and individuals challenging them, as when the persona â€Å"leapt from my father’s arms† after being â€Å"taken to the sea’s edge. † The scene is a metaphor for an individual escaping from the passive grasps of authority, represented in the father, and acting upon their own interests. The fact that the persona was taken to their current position illustrates their lack of control over the situation, however, the persona later asserts control, breaking free of the authoritative figure and is controlling her own life. The inexorable nature of time is contemplated by the persona to make sense of her life. Through language and the lifecycle of the pumpkin as a metaphor of her own life, the persona defines herself in order to gain solace. The ‘pumpkin’ presented an image of the persona’s youth and innocence. She refers to â€Å"fine pumpkins grown on a trellis† at her friend’s house as a â€Å"parable of myself† as she ages, rising â€Å"in airy defiance of nature† towards the sun before returning to earth. The metaphor of the pumpkins striving to reach â€Å"the light† comments on both the physical and metaphysical aspirations of humans, and the confrontation and acceptance of death. It shows that she too has grown above her ‘humble station’ – not necessarily external success but bridging the gap between the conscious and unconscious. However, this metaphor alone is insufficient to make sense of her existence, and it is this gap between reality and the naming of it which is a key element of psychoanalytical theory. The need and desire of human beings to locate a sense of unity of self is also integral to the psychoanalytic theory, and Harwood achieves this through the circular structure of the poem. Emotive words such as ‘peace’, ‘shine’ and ‘forever’ create a serene image of death, while the symbolic ‘light’ and ‘water’ interlink with the first stanza. The use of water as a motif throughout the poem connects the important people and moments in her life such as in her childhood with her father ‘water soaked’ and with her friend in the Brisbane Gardens ‘pitcher of water’ and finally she uses the line ‘waters that bear me away for ever’ to show her acceptance of death. By drawing threads of the poem together, just as the persona draws together her dreams, thoughts and memories are used to establish her sense of unity and wholeness. Harwood creates a serene image of death, allowing the persona to reach a conclusion about its inevitability and the relevance of her experiences and dreams to it. Harwood’s poem ‘Father and Child’ is a parallel to ‘At Mornington’ as it investigates the advancement of human psyche, from the innocence of childhood to the frailty of old age. The poem also observes the human psyche’s attempt to rationalise and resist the inescapable nature of time. Harwood explores the change in human psyche in this poem and suggests that experiences undergone in childhood shape lives and morality in the future. The juxtaposition of settings and syntax is used to convey the evolution of the human psyche and morality. â€Å"Father and Child† is separated into two sections, â€Å"Part I Barn Owl†, which takes place in the persona’s childhood, and â€Å"Part II Nightfall† which is set when the persona has presumably reached middle age, as the father is now 80, blind and dying. The adversity of advancing through various stages of human psychological development is prevalent in ‘Barn Owl’. Harwood has used vivid descriptions to portray the callousness and cruelty of the situation where a little girl attempts to shoot a barn owl but fails and harms it dreadfully, causing the owl having had ‘dribbled through loose straw tangling in bowels’. For the responders this is strong imagery and portrays the unusual situation. The young girl is empowered because the owl is blinded by the light but later there is a role reversal as her father enters and becomes ‘owl-blind in early sun’, like the owl was initially. The killing of the owl demonstrates aspects of a post-modern interpretation where the girl revolts against authority by defying her father, the authoritative figure, and sneaks out with his gun – a representation of the father’s power and authority. The owl is a representation of wisdom or authority, thus, the child is destroying, in her mind, authority. The metaphoric imagery surrounding the death of the owl supports the psychoanalytical view that, dramatic moments such as these impact upon the psyche and have an everlasting effect on the individual. The girl comes to a realization of â€Å"those eyes that†¦ mirror my cruelty† and is now aware of the consequences of her actions, yet it is too late to change the result. The transition has been made and forever she will remain in the world of pain while ironically the bird has escaped it. The role of light is important in this poem as it differentiates between the ideas of life and death. In Part II, Harwood has challenged the responders by portraying light as a metaphor for life by making it set in the latter part of the day, at dusk, when the sun is setting. This shows the transition from life to death. Neither has the power to control the inevitability of death as the ‘sunset exalts its known symbols of transience’, personifying sunset – as the day becomes night the sun has the power because it brings about the process of change and deterioration. By doing this Harwood is exploring the concept of death being associated with darkness. In stanza 6, the atmosphere is saddened as direct speech is used and the poem nears the end. ‘Your night and day are one’ describes how death is a blur of both light and dark because it is a transition between the two. ‘Father and Child’ can also be read from a postmodernist perspective where it draws attention to the number of intertextual connections that are made between the poem and other texts, which focuses on both the extent of life/death and memories. The most apparent allusions are concerned with Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ and the line in Nightfall â€Å"Be your tears wet† creating a link between the child persona and the character of Lear’s daughter Cordelia, which examines the fact that she is confronting the death of her father. It’s as if a string of tenderness was touched by him inside of her which led to the tears. She had learnt a lot of concepts in regards to life from her father and is thanking him for teaching her. However, tears cannot mend the facts of life and death, since everybody has to come to the end of a journey at some stage. She relies on her father’s ‘white stick’ to take her back to her memories of her father and the lessons learnt – showing how memories can overcome tears at this last sorrow. The allusion of her father as ‘King’ is a reference to King Lear, showing her admiration and love for her father and how she still sees him as someone that she can rely on. The use of contrasting tones of the two parts reinforces the ideas of memory and life/death, that after many life experiences, her perspective of her father changes from â€Å"an old No Sayer† when the girl is young, to a â€Å"stick thin comforter†. By valuing texts in different perspectives, responders are able to react to a text on a variety of ways, making them relevant to differing contexts with differing values. â€Å"At Mornington† and â€Å"Father and Child† are texts which transcend the barriers of time and examine universal issues that are applicable to all.

Comparative Essay the Crucible and the Kite Runner

The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, and The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, share many similar themes, characters, and ideas. One particular theme that is present throughout both of these written pieces is love. Defined by the Oxford Dictionary, love is a strong positive emotion of regard and affection. It can be found in moments of one’s life, through relationships, and through people. In The Kite Runner and The Crucible, one can see the similarities of love through friendship, paternal, and marital love. Friendship, a type of love, plays a key role in both The Kite Runner and The Crucible. In The Kite Runner, Hassan and Amir share a special relationship when they were children. Together, they played by their pomegranate†¦show more content†¦Baba also gave Amir a car that night to show Amir that he was proud of his success; Baba wanted to reward him for what he had accomplished. On Amir’s wedding day, although Baba was deathly ill, Baba exclaimed, â€Å"It’s the happiest day of my life, Amir,† (Khaled Hosseini, p.175). Baba made a speech at Amir and Soraya’s wedding. He openly shared that Amir fulfilled his expectations by saying that above all else, â€Å"Amir jan is my only son...my only child, and he has been a good son to me,† (Khaled Hosseini, p.177). Although it didn’t seem obvious at first, Baba truly loved Amir. The Kite Runner and The Crucible both have two fathers with strong paternal loves for their sons. A final type of love found in both The Crucible and The Kite Runner is marital love. Amir and Soraya’s relationship that was built on friendship grew as their marriage progressed. Their marriage consisted of many important characteristics including loyalty, support, and honesty. Before their marriage, Soraya told Amir her secret that she had been with another man when she was eighteen. Amir was accepting of her ill judgment, yet wished that he could openly share his secret with her how he’d â€Å"betrayed Hassan, lied, driven him out, and destroyed a forty-year relationship between Baba and Ali,† (Khaled Hosseini, p.174). However, he did not tell Soraya, he kept that secret locked away. Though honesty wasn’t present at the beginning of their marriage, it was gained by telling the truth. This made their bond,

Funny Quotes About Work Meetings, Mistakes, and More

Life at the workplace can be dreary without humor, which can serve to relieve tension and create camaraderie among team members. Teamwork improves productivity and work performance, and when people are enthusiastic, the workplace ambiance becomes fun. You look forward to working with people you enjoy and have a rapport with. This all is part of a vibrant workplace atmosphere. In this collection of funny work quotes, glimpse the lighter side of work life. Share these with your colleagues to create an upbeat environment in your workplace. Scott Adams, The Dilbert Principle Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowing which ones to keep. William Castle An expert is a man who tells you a simple thing in a confused way in such a fashion as to make you think the confusion is your own fault. Phyllis Diller What I don’t like about office Christmas parties is looking for a job the next day. Carl Zwanzig Duct tape is like the force. It has a light side, a dark side, and it holds the universe together. Scott Adams Give a man a fish, and youll feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and hell buy a funny hat. Talk to a hungry man about fish, and youre a consultant. Tori Filler Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you want. Phil Pastoret Hear no evil, see no evil, and speak no evil—and you’ll never get a job working for a tabloid. Dennis Miller The easiest job in the world has to be coroner. Surgery on dead people. What’s the worst thing that could happen? If everything went wrong, maybe you’d get a pulse. Niels Bohr An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes which can be made in a very narrow field. Leo Durocher I believe in rules. Sure I do. If there weren’t any rules, how could you break them? Jerome K. Jerome I like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. Woody Allen Im short enough and ugly enough to succeed on my own. If a man smiles all the time, he’s probably selling something that doesn’t work. Dave Barry If you had to identify in one word the reason why the human race has not achieved and never will achieve its full potential, that word would be meetings. Proverbs 10:26 Like vinegar to the teeth, and smoke to the eyes, so are the lazy to their employers. Sam Ewing Nothing is so embarrassing as watching someone do something that you said couldn’t be done. Lily Tomlin â€Å"I always wanted to be somebody, but now I realize I should have been more specific.† Oscar Wilde The best way to appreciate your job is to imagine yourself without one. Betty Reese If you think you are too small to be  effective, you have never been in the dark with a mosquito.† Ted Turner My son is now an entrepreneur. Thats what youre called when you dont have a job. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow â€Å"It takes less  time to do things right  than to explain why you did it wrong.† Henry Kissinger A diamond is merely a lump of coal that  did well under pressure.

Reading Response Journals For Into The Wild - 1381 Words

Betsy Rodriguez Mrs. Robinson AP English and Composition Reading Response Journals for â€Å"Into the Wild† Journal # 1 29, July 2016 The first scene starts off with Gallien driving four miles picking up a hitchhiker that was shivering on the side of the road asking to be taken to to the unmarked wilderness in Alaska. The guy would say his last name as though he was trying to hide something. Gallien impeditilly thought that McCandless was just another delusional visitor to the Alaskan Frontier. When Gallien started talking to Alex McCandless he started to notice that Alex was actually very intelligent and thoughtful.Gallien also realized that Alex had come unprepared for that conditions of the wilderness. He had no food but a 10 bag of rice, his hiking boots weren’t waterproof, and his rifle was so small that it couldn’t be able to kill a big enough animal that he needed to survive.McCandless lacked on having an ax,snowshoes,and a compass to provide direction in the woods.To talk Alex out of goign to the in marked route in the wilderness north of Mount Mckiney. I thought this scene was significant bec ause it Gallen picks up a hitchhiker that plans to get out into the wilderness for a couple months and is totally unprepared to survive.A real hitchhiker would have had a the necessities to survive in the wild.I was surprised that Alex didn t even seem worried and was confident in what he had when Gallien told him that he might not always be able to have food to hunt.When AlexShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Vaccines And Autism By Bernard Rimland953 Words   |  4 PagesSummary of â€Å"Vaccines and Autism† In the journal of â€Å"Vaccines and Autism† author Bernard Rimland looks at the possible role of vaccines in autism. Rimland provides crucial data in understanding autism, the possible role of vaccines in autism, and the risks of vaccines in certain children. Rimland states before his article that, â€Å"There is no consensus about biological determents of autism† (708). 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The Purpose Of Measurements Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In this practical, we are making hand-on measuring on length and comprehensiveness of the topic. By mensurating the length and comprehensiveness, it will enable us to gauge the organic structure frame and organic structure composing of the topic. For illustration, biepicondylar humerus ( elbow comprehensiveness ) is a good step of frame size and skeletal dimensions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose Of Measurements Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is less affected by adiposeness comparison to other anthropometric dimension and it is besides extremely associated with musculus size and thin organic structure mass. Beside that, length and breadth step can besides assist jocks to find the best organic structure composing for public presentation. For illustration, a swimmer may necessitate larger biacromial measuring to execute good in his athletics. Other than that, length and breadth step can besides utilize to supervise the growing and development of kid. The challenges we face in executing the measuring include trouble in landmarking. For illustration, as an inexperient pupil, we found trouble in placing the acromiale particularly in feeling the spinal column of the shoulder blade. Besides, we besides find trouble in mensurating the biepicondylar thighbone as we have difficulty in placing the sites of the epicondyles due to the midst hypodermic bed below the tegument. Furthermore, during the practical, while we use the anthropometer or calliper to use force per unit area to compact the overlying tissue in order to obtain a more accurate reading, the calliper will be given to skid off from the site of the landmark. This job particularly occur in mensurating biacromial and biepicondylar thighbone. The consequences of organic structure fat and musculus mass got from computations and utilizing bioelectrical electric resistance analysis ( BIA ) are different. By computation, the organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 21.1 % and 78.9 % severally. Whereas for BIA, the organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 25.6 % and 74.4 % severally by utilizing manus held machine and 28.9 % and 71.1 % severally by utilizing 4-point machine. There is difference of consequence for organic structure fat and musculus mass from computations and utilizing BIA. This is because consequence of organic structure fat and musculus mass from computation are utilizing skinfold thickness measuring. During the measuring of skinfold thickness, there may hold some intra-measurer mistake from site of landmarking and measuring, skinfold squeezability, variableness between readings and besides technique of utilizing the equipment. Whereas by utilizing BIA machine, less proficient mistake w ill happen as we merely identify in information such as age, gender, tallness and weight to acquire the per centum of organic structure fat. Therefore, computation of organic structure composing utilizing BIA machine have higher preciseness. The organic structure fat and musculus mass obtained are 25.55 % and 74.45 % severally by utilizing manus held machine and 28.95 % and 71.05 % severally by utilizing 4-point machine. There is a difference of consequence between manus held machine and 4-point machine as manus held machine merely has 2-point electrodes directing electric current to the organic structure while 4-point machine has 4-point electrodes directing electric current which is more accurate in gauging organic structure composing. Harmonizing to the Recommended Percent Body Fat Cut-off Points for Adult Individual ( 18 old ages and above ) , the per centum of organic structure fat obtained from both machine is still within the acceptable ( upper terminal ) . Skinfold measuring is easy to make one time accomplishment has been mastered. In general, combination of skinfold measuring provides a more valid appraisal of organic structure fat content and can bespeak the distribution of hypodermic fat. It does non necessitate much clip as consequence can be produced instantly. It is besides a noninvasive method for step organic structure fat and musculus mass. The equipment used for illustration harpender, slender usher and Lange are cheap and portable comparison to other machine for mensurating per centum organic structure fat such as double energy X ray and plethymography. The restriction may include big technician mistake from site of landmarking and measuring, skinfold squeezability and besides technique of utilizing the equipment. For illustration, some of the finger-thumb pinch or caliper arrangement during measurement may be excessively deep ( musculus ) or excessively superficial ( tegument ) . Another illustration is mid-arm point is fa lsely measured or marked. Besides, skinfold thickness may besides impact by factor other than sum of fat, for illustration exercising, hydrops, dermatitis which will increase the skin thickness and besides desiccation which will diminish the skinfold thickness. It may non besides be an ideal measuring for those who are corpulent and really thin. Bioelectrical electric resistance analysis ( BIA ) is non-invasive, particularly compared to the hydrostatic deliberation and skinfold calliper method. It besides give a good appraisal of organic structure fat per centum. It is besides speedy and easy to utilize in the field by merely key in information such as age, gender, tallness and weight to acquire the per centum of organic structure fat of the topic. The machine is besides low in cost and portable to convey to anyplace compare to other machine for mensurating per centum organic structure fat such as double energy X ray and plethymography. The restriction of BIA is that BIA is hydration-dependent. To guarantee accurate organic structure unstable consequences, the topic should non exert or execute any vigorous activity for at least 8 hours. Besides, the topic should non devour drinks such as caffeine or intoxicant in big measures 12 hours before the trial as these drinks are water pills. The status of the topic such as desiccati on, hydrops, fed or fast province will besides impact the consequence. For a particular status that patient has an automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator ( AICD ) , so BIA should non be done. Waist and hip perimeters can utilize to cipher waist to hip ratio ( waist perimeters divided by hip perimeters ) . The waist to hip ratio is a utile method to separate blubber between abdominal country and lower organic structure country. Lower organic structure fleshiness is frequently referred to as â€Å" gynoid fleshiness † as it is more typical to female while abdominal fleshiness is called â€Å" android fleshiness † which is more common among male. Whereas corpulent work forces and adult females can be classified into either group without refering about their sex. The hypodermic fat which is the external fat are mostly found in lower bole while the splanchnic fat which is the internal fat are chiefly found in abdominal country. Deposition of extra fat in the venters as a proportion of entire organic structure fat is strongly associated with increased hazard of developing certain metabolic upsets and obesity-related disease such as hyperinsulinemia, Type 2 diabete s mellitus, lipemia, high blood pressure, coronary bosom disease and others. This sort of fleshiness realted diseases are more likely to be associated with an abdominal fleshiness than a lower organic structure fleshiness. Apart from that, persons with higher waist and hip perimeter will be higher in entire organic structure fat mass. Therefore, beside BMI, waist and hip perimeter should besides be consider every bit good when determinining whether an person is healthy or non. This is because if an person has a normal BMI, but have waist perimeters or waist and hip ratio greater than the acceptable scope, the person is still holding hazard of developing obesity-related disease and metabolic upsets. The % of TEM calculated from skinfold measuring: triceps, subscapular, biceps, and suprailiac are 2.3 % , 3.6 % , 4.2 % , and 1.9 % severally. The values are still acceptable as compared to the mark TEM. Calculations of TEM are needed in skinfold measuring due to skinfolds are notoriously imprecise and both within and between tester mistake can be big. In this practical, due to single work, within tester mistake will be the chief concerned. Poor preciseness frequently reflects within tester mistake ensuing from unequal preparation, instrument mistake and trouble in doing the measuring. How to cite The Purpose Of Measurements Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Continuity of operation is ensured free essay sample

Assembling operas adaptations Less total production cost Koruna Jumble kook penumbral less material movement koruna prearrange banana Ease of Navigation * A fixed position layout enables website visitors make their way easily through the website; because the navigation bar is fixed in place, it is always visible. The navigation options are readily apparent, allowing visitors to move on with scrolling as soon as the mood strikes. Fixed position navigation is particularly useful if your site as many long pages with a great deal of text and imagery; it helps users move to another page without losing their interest or creating confusion. Branding * When some of your page elements are always visible, it strengthens the branding of your website. In a non-flexed layout, the header and navigation scroll up and out of sight; if you have text-only pages, branding elements have the tendency to get lost, which severs the immediate connection with the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuity of operation is ensured or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With a fixed layout, your brand identity elements are consistent. It gives you control over the user experience ND reinforces the strength of your brand. When a user is able to see the imagery, colors and photo style that are consistent across your brand materials, it helps them create connections when they see the brand represented elsewhere. Browser Visibility * Because a fixed position element is not a part of the rest of the document flow, it is always visible in the browser, no matter what the size of the window. Even when a user resizes the window to cover only a portion of the screen, the navigation will be visible. Because your readers use computers and devices that have a range of screen sizes, the constant visibility works to your advantage. A fixed layout creates consistency across computers. Coding * When you use a fixed position layout, it helps streamline coding updates down the line. Because it is not necessary to adjust the position and size of the stationary elements, it is easier for a non-technical person to make changes. If you are using the same fixed elements across the site, you need only to change the design or layout once instead of altering it for each page. For businesses that do not have a full-time web staff, reduced coding saves money and reduces confusion. DISADVANTAGES Scheduling * A factory using a fixed-position layout has to carefully plan the schedule for workers to each have the necessary time allotted to work on the specific phase of the manufacturing process. If one worker is not available or is not working to his capacity, this can slow down all the other phases to the process. The product could exceed its development deadline, and the factory can lose money in overhead costs. Equipment Costs * Since the product stays in one place, the equipment and tools needed for the product must be able to move. Mobile equipment allows for workers to position homeless in the necessary places. Yet movable equipment costs more and has higher maintenance and repair fees than stationary equipment. Ordered Materials * Materials and equipment must arrive at the time specified for use, which can be a disadvantage. In other layout designs, materials and equipment can be stocked and placed in a designated work station to await the next phase of the manufacturing process. When materials and equipment have to travel to the product, only a certain number of items can take up room. Because excess materials take time to be moved room the area, it can cut into workers time on the product. Work Space * Depending on the number of workers needed during certain phases of the manufacturing, work space can become limited. The workers must try not to bump into each other while maneuvering equipment about, especially if the product is relatively small. This can also create a tense working environment with workers attempting to give space to others, causing them to slow down in the process. Advantages of process layouts include: * Flexibility. The firm has the ability to handle a variety of processing requirements. Cost. Sometimes, the general-purpose equipment utilized may be less costly to purchase and less costly and easier to maintain than specialized equipment. * Motivation. Employees in this type of layout will probably be able to perform a variety of tasks on multiple machines, as opposed to the boredom of performing a repetitive task on an assembly line. A process layout also allows the employer to use some type of individual incentive system. * System protection. Since there are multiple machines available, process layouts are not particularly vulnerable to equipment failures. Disadvantages of process layouts include: * Utilization. Equipment utilization rates in process layout are frequently very low, because machine usage is dependent upon a variety of output requirements. Cost. If batch processing is used, in-process inventory costs could be high. Lower volume meaner higher per-unit costs. More specialized attention is necessary for both products and customers. Setups are more frequent, hence higher setup costs. Material handling is slower and more inefficient. The span of supervision is small due to Job complexities (routing, setups, etc. , so su pervisory costs are higher. Additionally, in this type of layout accounting, inventory control, and purchasing usually are highly involved. * Confusion. Constantly changing schedules and routings make Juggling process requirements more difficult. Advantages of product layouts include: * Output. Product layouts can generate a large volume of products in a short time. * Cost. Unit cost is low as a result of the high volume. Labor specialization results in reduced training time and cost. A wider span of supervision also reduces labor costs. Accounting, purchasing, and inventory control are routine. Because routing is fixed, less attention is required. * Utilization. There is a high degree to labor and equipment utilization. Disadvantages of product layouts include: * Motivation. The systems inherent division of labor can result in dull, repetitive jobs that can prove to be quite stressful. Also, assembly-line layouts make it very hard to administer individual incentive plans. * Flexibility. Product layouts are inflexible and cannot easily respond to required system changes?especially changes in product or process design. * System protection. The system is at risk from equipment breakdown, absenteeism, and downtime due to preventive maintenance. Fixed-position layout A fixed-position layout is appropriate for a product that is too large or too heavy to move. For example, battleships are not produced on an assembly line. For services, other reasons may dictate the fixed position (e. G. , a hospital operating room where doctors, nurses, and medical equipment are brought to the patient). Other fixed- position layout examples include construction (e. G. , buildings, dams, and electric or nuclear power plants), shipbuilding, aircraft, aerospace, farming, drilling for oil, home pair, and automated car washes. In order to make this work, required resources must be portable so that they can be taken to the Job for on the spot performance. Due to the nature of the product, the user has little choice in the use of a fixed- position layout. Disadvantages include: * Space. For many fixed-position layouts, the work area may be crowded so that little storage space is available. This also can cause material handling problems. * Administration. Oftentimes, the administrative burden is higher for fixed-position layouts. The span of control can be narrow, and coordination difficult.